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ื ืžืฆืื• 2 ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ""

  • ืžื™ ืžืคื—ื“ ืžืžืฉืืœ-ืขื - ื•ืœืžื”?

    ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื ืงืจืขืช ืœื’ื–ืจื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื ื“ืžื” ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื“ืขื™ื: ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื, ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืœื“ืขืชื•. ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืžืฉืืœ ืขื? ื•ื”ืื ื›ื“ืื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื”ืขื–? ื’ืจืกื ืžืœืื” ืœืžืืžืจ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘"ื”ืืจืฅ", 28 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2023 ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืคื™ืจืกืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืœืžืฉืืœ ืขื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื—ืจื•ืจ ื•ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืžื›ืœ ื•ื›ืœ, ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื”. ืžืขื˜ ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžืื–, ื•ืกืคืง ืื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื™ืฉืชื ื” ื’ื ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืกืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื• 63% ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ืขื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืœืžืฉืืœ ืขื, ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืจื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™. ืžื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฉื•ืืœ ืื•ืชื. ืืฉื•ื‘ ืืคื•ื ื•ืืฉืืœ ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืงืชื™ ืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฆื“ โ€“ ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืคื™ ื”ืขื? ื”ืœื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื ืขื™ืžื, ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื–ื ื™ื—ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื ืฉืœื, ื•ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืขืžื“ื” ืžื•ืฉื›ืœืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœื” ื‘ืฉืขืชื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“ ื”ื—ืจื”-ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื—ืจื™ื•. ื•ืื–, ื‘ืŸ-ืจื’ืข, ื’ื•ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื”. ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื” ื›ืื—ื“ ื“ื—ื• ื›ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื“ ืืช ื ืชื™ื‘ ืžืฉืืœ-ื”ืขื. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉ"ื”ืขื" ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืขื ืœื•ื™ืŸ-ืจื•ื˜ืžืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ืฉืžื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืชืคืกื™ื“. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉ"ื”ืขื" ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืขื ืœื•ื™ืŸ-ืจื•ื˜ืžืŸ. ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืกืงืจื™ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืจืง ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืชื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ื•ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื’ื ื”ืžื—ืื” ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืฉื™ืื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื™ื. ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืื” ืคืจื•ืค' ืืจื™ืงื” ืฆ'ื ื•ื•ืช' ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืžืฆื ืžืกืงืจืŸ ืœืคื™ื• ืžื—ืื•ืช ืฉื’ื™ื™ืกื• ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉื”ืงื™ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-3.5% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื™ืขื“ืŸ. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืžืŸ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘"ื›ืœืœ ื”-3.5%"; ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืคื™ ื”ืกืงืจ ื”ืืžื•ืจ, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืจื‘ืข ืžื›ืœืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืžื—ืื”, ื•ืœืคื™ ืกืงืจ ืื—ืจ, ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืžื˜ืขื ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืฆื‘ื ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืฉืœื™ืฉ. ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืกืงืจื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืœ-54 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื—ื“ืœ. ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชื”ื“ืจ ื‘-64 ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื ื–ื›ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ื˜ืจื—ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืกืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื ื™ืข ืืช "ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช", ืฉืืœืžืœื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืจืฆ ื•ื‘ืœ"ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืฉื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืืœืงื˜ื•ืจืœื™, ื•ืฉื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื, ื™ืฉื ื• ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืงืœ ืœืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”. ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ืฉื "ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืขื", ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื™ื ืขืชื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื ื™ื, ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื ื™ื, ื”ืืงื“ืžืื™ื, ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื, ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืจืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ื ืื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืžืฉืืœ ืขื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžื—ืื” ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืื—ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” โ€“ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื ืœื ืื™ืชื, ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช. ืืš ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื™ืื•ืช ืœืžื”ืœืš ื•ืชื ืฆื— ื‘ืžืฉืืœ ืื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืžืฉืืœ ืขื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืžืืœื™ื”, ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืื” ืžืกืงืจื ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืœื ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืžืฉืืœ ืขื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžื—ืื” ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืื—ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” โ€“ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื ืœื ืื™ืชื, ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช. ืืš ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื™ืื•ืช ืœืžื”ืœืš ื•ืชื ืฆื— ื‘ืžืฉืืœ. ื”ืœื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื• ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ืืžืช ื›ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ืžืžื•ืช. ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืคืจืš, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื”ืœื”. ื”ืžื—ืื” ืฆื‘ืจื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ืคื—ื•ืชื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื“ืื’ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ืช: ืืœื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืืœ ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื•? ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืงื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืจื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืขืฆืžืื™. ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื‘ืžืฉืืœ ืขื ืฉื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื™ื™ืฉืืœื• ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื? ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘"ื›ืŸ ืื• ืœื" ืœืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื•ื™ืŸ-ืจื•ื˜ืžืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉืืœ ืขื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ื›ืŸ" ืื• "ืœื"; ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืืจื˜ื• ืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘-1998. ืœื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื’ื ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ืขื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืกื™ืคื” ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืชืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื” ื•ืชืขืœื” ื”ืฆืขื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ืœื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื•ืื•ืชื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœืžืฉืืœ ืขื. ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืจื•ื‘ ืชืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื”? ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืจื•ื‘ ืžื™ื•ื—ืก, ืืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก-ืงื•ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืชืื•ืฉืจ ืจืง ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืชืฉื™ื’ ืจื•ื‘ ืžืงืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ืžืฉืืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื ืฉื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื™ ืžืคื•ืงืคืง, ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ, ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืžื•ืจื ื•ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ืจืื• ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจืงื–ื™ื˜ (2016), ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืืœ, ื”ืœื ื’ื ืฉื ื”ืชื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืžืกืงืจื™ื ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ื• ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื ืขื™ืžื. ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื. ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžืฉืืœ ืขื ืื™ื ื• ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ืจืงื–ื™ื˜ ืืจืขื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ (6 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1932), ื–ื›ืชื” ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืœ-33% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื•ืช, ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืจื•ื‘ (ื”ื ืืฆื™ื "ื–ื›ื•" ื‘-44%). ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื ืขืจืš ืžืฉืืœ-ืขื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช, ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ืก. ื’ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช, ืœื ืžืฉืืœื™ ืขื. ืœืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืœืจื•ื“ื ื™, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืขืจืš ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœืžืฉืืœ ืขื, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื–ื” ืฉืขืจืš ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื‘-1938 ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ื— ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” (ื”"ืื ืฉืœื•ืก"), ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืชืง ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”. "ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“-ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ืขื ื”ืจื™ื™ืš ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘-13 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1938, ื•ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื ื•, ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ? ื›ืŸ; ืœื" ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช: 99.73% ื‘ืขื“. ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ืื• ื›ืืœื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžืฉืืœื™-ืขื ืจื‘ื™ื (ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขืœื” ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90) ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ (1992-1994), ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื‘ืง (1995), ื•ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื˜ื ื’ืจื• ืžืกืจื‘ื™ื” (2006). ืžืฉืืœื™-ืขื ื’ื ืœื™ื•ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื• ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื•, ื•ืชืจืžื• ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• (70% ืžื›ืœืœื™ ืžืฉืืœื™-ื”ืขื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืœืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“). ื’ื ื‘ืจืงื–ื™ื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ. ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืฉืœื•ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืœืงื— โ€“ ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื ืขืจืš ืžืฉืืœ ืขื ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™. ื“ื ืžืจืง ืœืžืฉืœ ื“ื—ืชื” ืืช ืืžื ืช ืžืืกื˜ืจื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืืœ ืขื ื‘-1992, ืืš ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืžืฉืืœ ืขื ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ืื™ืฉืจื” ืื•ืชื•. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืขืžื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืœืงื— ืฉื—ื•ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืฉืจื. ื›ื“ืื™ ื’ื ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉืืœื™-ืขื (ื›-300 ืžืื– 1848), ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื—ืฉืœืช. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืืœื™ ืขื, ื•ืคืขื ืื—ืจ ืคืขื ื”ืขื“ืคื ื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ, ื•ื—ื‘ืœ. ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฆืขืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืกื›ื ืื•ืกืœื• ื•ืœื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืกืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืชืžืš ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืขื. ืœื• ืื™ืฉืจ ืžืฉืืœ ืขื ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ืื•ืกืœื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืจื•ื— ื’ื‘ื™ืช, ืžืงื ื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืขืžืžื™ืช ืœืคืจื™ืฆืช-ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื™, ืžื™ ื—ื›ื ื•ื™ื“ืข, ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ืข ืืช ืจืฆื— ืจื‘ื™ืŸ. ื’ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืžืฉืืœ ืขื ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื™ื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช "ื”ื—ื˜ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ" ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ืฉืกื•ื›ื ื™ื• ืžืชื”ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืœืงื•ืช "ืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช?" ื”ืงืœืฃ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื "ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ื‘'" ื›ื›ืœืœ, ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืžืฉืืœ ืขื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื•ืงืชื™, ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจ. ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“, ื‘ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ืžืฉืืœื™-ืขื ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืขืžืžื™ืช ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืชื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžืจื ื™ืช ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื•ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘-2016 ื ืขืจืš ืœื ืจืง ืžืฉืืœ ื”ื‘ืจืงื–ื™ื˜, ืืœื ื ืกืœืœื” ื’ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืžืฉืืœ-ืขื ืื—ืจ, ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“, ืžืฉืืœ ืขื ืฉืืฃ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืœื ื”ืขื– ืœื”ืฆื™ืข โ€“ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืœื”. ืœืžืฉืืœ ื”ืขื ืงื“ื ืžื”ืœืš ืžื‘ืจื™ืง, ืฉืฉื•ืื‘ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”- deliberative opinion poll ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื’'ื™ืžืก ืคื™ืฉืงื™ืŸ. ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืงืžืช ืืกื™ืคืช-ืื–ืจื—ื™ื: 99 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืื™ืจื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืืงืจืื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจืœื ื“, ื•ืฉื”ื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกื•ืคื™-ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื‘ืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืœื”. ื”ื ื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื•, ืจื™ืื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ืขื” ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืื™ืจืœื ื“, ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื•. ืžืฉืืœ-ื”ืขื ื”ืคืš ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘-2018: 64% ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ื‘ืขื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื•ืช. ืžืื– ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื”ืื™ืจื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืกื™ืคื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช. ืจืื•ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื ืจืง ืžื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืืœื ื’ื ื”ืื™ืจื™, ื•ืืฃ ืœื—ืงื•ืชื•. ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืกื™ืคื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืžืฉืืœื™-ืขื? ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ืืกื™ืคื” ื›ื–ื• โ€“ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ"ืื’ื•ืจื”" (Agora) ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” โ€“ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื“ืข, ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื ื”. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช: ื”ืงืœืฃ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื "ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ื‘'". ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืืงืจืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœ"ืื’ื•ืจื”" ืฉื›ื–ื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฆืข โ€“ ืœื‘ืœ ื ื—ื“ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืš ื ืชื™ื ื™ื. ื›ื›ืœืช ื”ื›ืœ, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืขืœ ืžืฉืืœ ืขื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืื“ื โ€“ ืื ื—ื• ืžื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืื™-ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘, ืœืฉื•ื—ื—, ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ. ื’ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืื ื ื‘ื˜ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื˜ืคื— ืื•ืชื” ืจืง ื ืชืจื•ื ืœื ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื” ืขืฆืžื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ืขื“ ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืชืœืš ืœืขื•ืœืžื”, ื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื ืชืงื•ื ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืื•ืžื”, ืงื‘ืข ืืจื ืกื˜ ืจื ืืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืืœ-ืขื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™. ื›ืš ื’ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”. ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื•ืื–ืจื—, ืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื. ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ืžืฉืืœ-ืขื ืžืกืคืง ืกื•ืœื ืœืจื“ืช ืžื”ืขืฅ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื—ืกืจ-ืชืงื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืžืžื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืชืืจืš. ืื‘ืœ ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ื”ืžื›ืจืขืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื ืขืจื›ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ืœื”ืคืฉื™ืœ ืฉืจื•ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื”ื, ืืœ ื”ืงื”ืœื™ื ื”ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื”, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™, ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื, ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื โ€“ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื—ื•ื’ื™-ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืชื "ืกื™ื, ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช, ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื’ื“ื™ื โ€“ ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘, ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ื’ืจื™, ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื›ืŸ, ื•ืœื‘ืจืจ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื”: "ืœืžื” ืœื™ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?" ืžืฉืืœ-ื”ืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื˜ื™ืœ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืืช ื‘ื”: ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ื”ืื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ื“ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื?

  • ืžืฉืืœ ืขื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื”ื•ื

    ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”? ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืขื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœื’ื–ืจื™ื. [ื”ืืจืฅ, 31 ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2022] ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ' ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื•ืจืก ื—ื“ืฉ: ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื ืฉื™ืง ืืชืจ ื—ื“ืฉ - "ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”" - ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช. ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉ"ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช" ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื™ื”ืจ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ' ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืืฉื ืชืžื™ื“: "ืืœ ืชื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืจืคื™ ืืกืžื™ื," ื”ืชืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, "ืžื™ ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื ื”ืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื•ืœื’ื“ืจ ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืืกืžื™ื". ื›ืš ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ืคื” ืืช ืื‘ื—ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืžืืœื ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข. "ื”ืฉืœื›ื”", ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ื”ื•ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืžื™ื™ื—ืก ืืช ืคื’ืžื™ื ื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ื. ืœืžื•ืชืจ ืืš ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ' ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืชื™ ื”ืืกืžื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื, ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื: ื”ืงื ืื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืžื’ื•ืฉ ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ ื’ื™ื•ืจื, ืฉื ื™ืฆืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืžื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืจื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื "ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœ" ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืžืชื•ื ื™ื, ื ืื‘ืงื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืงื ืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ื”ืฆื™ืชื• ืืช ืžื—ืกื ื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืื•ืœื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™, ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืื‘ืง โ€“ ื•ืกืœืœื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™. ื”ืœืงื— ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ืžื”ืจื”. "ื”ื•ื•ื™ ืžืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื•ืช," ืชื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื”, "ืฉืืœืžืœื ืžื•ืจืื”, ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืจืขื”ื• โ€“ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืขื•". ื›ืืœืฃ ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ื—ื–ื” ืชื•ืžืก ื”ื•ื‘ืก ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืฉืงื˜ืœื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื, ื•ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื“ื•ืžื”: ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืฉื‘ื• "ืื“ื ืœืื“ื ื–ืื‘", ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื "ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ", ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”. ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืืช ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ืฉื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช: ื”ืžืœืš-ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืืžื•ืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื ื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืชืœื•ื™, ืœื”ื’ื ืชื• ืฉืœื•, ื‘ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ-ืงืฉืงืฉื™ื ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืื•ืชื ื ืชื™ื ื™ื, ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืืœื™ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ื ื”. ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื”ืคืฆื™ืข ื–'ืืŸ-ื–'ืืง ืจื•ืกื•, ื•ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื’ื•ืœื™ืช ืขื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืงืฉื™ื, "ืคื’ืข ืœื• ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืคื•ื ื™". ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ, ื˜ืขืŸ ืจื•ืกื•, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ืืžื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” "ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™" ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืงื‘ืข โ€“ ืข"ืข ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ื”ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืฉืœื•ื, ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืœืงื˜ื•ืจืœื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ืชืจ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช. ื”ื•ื‘ืก ื•ืจื•ืกื• ืฆื“ืงื•. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื•ืš ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช. ื•ื”ื ื”, ื›ืžื• ืงืœืข ื“ื•ื“, ืฉื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ืคืš ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ, ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืžืฆื™ื ืœื ื• ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืกื›ื ื”: ื”ืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”. ืกืงืจื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืฉืงืคืช "ืกื›ื ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”" ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช (ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืž-45% ื‘-2017 ืœ-59% ื‘-2022), ื•ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉ"ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื—ื–ืง" (ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืž-41% ื‘-2014 ืœ-61% ื‘-2022). ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื•ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื•: ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืกื›ื ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”-ื‘ืขืช ื›ืžื”ื™ื ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื—ื–ืง ืขืœื” ืž-35% ื‘-2017 ืœ-65% ื‘-2022. ืื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื›ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”; ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื—ื–ืง ืฉืžื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืขื. ืžื›ืืŸ ื’ื ื”ืชื”ื•ื ืฉื ืคืขืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ "ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช" ืœืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื” โ€“ ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื• ืจื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”: ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™, ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”. ืฉื—ื™ืงืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืื– 2006 ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช, ืฉืืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื•ืื–ืจื—. ื—ื˜ืืช ืจื‘ืฅ ืœืคืชื— ื›ืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”: ื”ืžืจืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื‘. ื”ืžืขื ื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื—ื•ืงื”, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช, ื‘ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœ, ืžื‘ื ื” ืคื“ืจืœื™, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืœ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื). ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื•ืœื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืืœื”. ืจืง ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ-ื•ื‘ืœื ืžื•ืกื“ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“: ื‘ื’"ืฅ. ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื ืคืจืฅ ื‘ื’"ืฅ, ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืืžื•ืŸ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื. ื•ืžื” ื‘ื›ืš? ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืฉืขื” ืœื”ืกื™ื’ ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื‘, ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ืžืคื ื™ "ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ืจื™ืช", ืฉื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืกื™ืœืช ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ืžื•ืจื”? ื›ืš ื ืžื ืข ืื•ืœื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื•ื ืขื ื” ืœืจืฆื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”"ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ". ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืคื” ื”ืฉืขื” ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ "ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืฉื™ืฉื™ื‘ ืขื˜ืจื” ืœื™ื•ืฉื ื”, ื•ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• โ€“ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• โ€“ ืœื‘ืœืคื•ืจ? ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืคื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืžื–ื“ืžื ื™ื, ืฉื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœืœืžื“ื ื• ืืช "ืžึดืฉึฐืืคึทึผื˜ ื”ึทืžึถึผืœึถืšึฐ, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึดืžึฐืœึนืšึฐ ืขึฒืœึตื™ื›ึถื... ืึทืชึถึผื, ืชึดึผื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ-ืœื•ึน ืœึทืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึดื™ื. ื•ึผื–ึฐืขึทืงึฐืชึถึผื, ื‘ึทึผื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื, ืžึดืœึดึผืคึฐื ึตื™ ืžึทืœึฐื›ึฐึผื›ึถื, ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื‘ึฐึผื—ึทืจึฐืชึถึผื ืœึธื›ึถื; ื•ึฐืœึนื-ื™ึทืขึฒื ึถื” ื”' ืึถืชึฐื›ึถื, ื‘ึทึผื™ึผื•ึนื ื”ึทื”ื•ึผื". ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื•ืœื™ ืœื›ืš ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ "ืคื•ืจื•ื ืงื”ืœืช" ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ื”ืฆื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš, ื”ื—ื›ื ื‘ืื“ื. ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคืข ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื, ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืืช ืขื•ืฉืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื”. ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš, ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœื ืงืจืื• ื‘ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืงื”ืœืช ืขืฆืžื”, ื”ืกืคื•ื’ื” โ€“ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื ื—ืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” โ€“ ื‘ืกืคืงื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”"ื”ื‘ืœ", ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•-ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ื ื™ื›ืจ ื’ื ืฉืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื”. ืื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืคืฉืจ, ืื• ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืื•ื“ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžื•ืฆืœ ืžืืฉ ืงื ืื™ืช. ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืคื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืขื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื”? ืืœื ืฉืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ืžื—ื“, ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืžืœื•ื›ื“ืช, ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื” ืื›ืŸ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื (62% ืœืขื•ืžืช 38% ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื). ืžืื™ื“ืš, ื”ื™ื ืœื ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืชืžื™ื›ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื (ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืขื ืช ืขืœ 48.4% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื™ื); ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื“ืจื“ืจ, ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื–ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ืœื›ื ืกืช ื•ืœืžืคืœื’ื•ืช; ืจื•ื‘ ื ื™ื›ืจ (56% ืžืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, 71% ืžืงืจื‘ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื) ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืื ื”ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”; ื•ื‘ืกืงืจื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืขื ื’ื“ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืคืจ, ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉืืœื™ื, ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ืืœื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื. ืื– ื”ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช? ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื“ืข. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื โ€“ ืขื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื ื—ื•ืฉ ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืžื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื’ืœืฉื• ื‘ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ. ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืชื—ื•ืงืง, ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืชืžื—ื”, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืงืชื™ ืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื•ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฆื“. ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื’ืžื“ ื›ืœ ืื™ื•ื ืื–ืจื—ื™, ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื ื—ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ื—ื›ื ื•ื™ื“ืข, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื•"ืœืจื“ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ื˜ืจื ื™ื ื’ ื•ื›ืคื›ืคื™ื", ื•ืื– ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื™ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื•. ืื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืจื”"ืž ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืจื”-ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื—ืจื™ื• ืœืจื’ืข. ื•ืื–, ื‘ืŸ-ืจื’ืข, ื’ื•ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื”. ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื” ื›ืื—ื“ ื“ื—ื• ื›ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื“ ืืช ื ืชื™ื‘ ืžืฉืืœ-ื”ืขื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื, ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ืฆื ืžื˜ื™ืœ-ืžื•ืจื. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“, ื•ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“: ืœืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ืฉืืœื” ื•ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ-ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื›ืจืขืช ื”ืขื, ื•ืื ืชื ืฆื—, ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื• ืชืขื•ื“ืช ืคื˜ื™ืจื” ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ืื•ืœื™, ืืš ืื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ืขื“ ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืชืœืš ืœืขื•ืœืžื”, ื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื ืชืงื•ื ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืื•ืžื”, ืงื‘ืข ืืจื ืกื˜ ืจื ืืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืืœ-ืขื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™. ื›ืš ื’ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”. ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื•ืื–ืจื—, ืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื. ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ืจื โ€“ ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื—ืœืฉ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœืžืฉืืœ-ืขื. ืื ื”ืขื ืื›ืŸ ืขื™ืžื, ื™ืชื›ื‘ื“ื• ื ื, ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขื, ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืคื™ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช (ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™, ืฉื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื ืข). ืฉื ื™ืช, ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื”, ื’ื ืื ืชื™ื“ื—ื” (ื•ื›ืš ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงืจื”), ืชื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ื–ื‘ "ื”ืขื ืื™ืชื ื•" ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืชืกื™ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžืชืœื‘ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช. ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ("ื‘ืขื“ ืื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช?") ื•ืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืžืจื•ื•ื— ืฆืจ ืœื˜ืคืœื•ืœ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™. ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื’ื ืื ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžื“ื™ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”", ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื; ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืจื’ืข ื™ืฉ ืจื•ื‘ ื ื’ื“ื”. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืจื•ื‘ ืžื™ื•ื—ืก, ืืš ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจ, ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืชืื•ืฉืจ ืจืง ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืชืฉื™ื’ ืจื•ื‘ ืžืงืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”. ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืžืฉืืœ ื”ืขื ืœื ืจืง ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืขืจื›ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื™ื— ืชืขื•ื–ื” ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘. ื”ื™ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืžืื‘ืง โ€“ ืžืฉืคื˜ื ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ืืงื“ืžื™ื”, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืืžื ื™ื โ€“ ืœื”ืคืฉื™ืœ ืฉืจื•ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืงื”ืœื™ื ื”ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื”, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ (ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื), ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื. ืื ืื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืžืฉืืœ-ื”ืขื ื ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืืคืฉืจื™ โ€“ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื—ื•ื’ื™-ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืชื "ืกื™ื, ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ, ื’ื ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ืกืช โ€“ ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื›ืŸ. ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ื’ืจื™, ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื ืงืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื ื ืกื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข, ื•ืœื‘ืจืจ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื”: "ืœืžื” ืœื™ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?" ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืชืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืžืฅ ืœื‘ ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘. ืชื”ื ืืฉืจ ืชื”ื ืชื•ืฆืืชื•, ืžืฉืืœ ืขื ื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืขืงื‘ ืื›ื™ืœืก ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื’ื”: ืฉืคืœ ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” (ื›-15% ื‘ืกืงืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ). ืžืฉืืœ-ื”ืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื˜ื™ืœ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืืช ื‘ื”: ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ื”ืื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ื“ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื?

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